MASSAGE THERAPY

MASSAGE THERAPY

Foreplan clinic is one of the biggest clinics in the world that uses different kinds of massage to treat different kinds of diseases. What is massage by the way, There are probably well over 100 types of massage, massage modalities, massage therapies and strokes. This is a basic overview of some of the most popular that can help your practice be a great success.

Types of Massage

ACUPRESSURE
 Acupressure technique utilizes pressure of the hand, fingers, elbow or other tools used to apply pressure to specific acupuncture points on the body. The pressing of these key areas on the body promotes better blood circulation and helps to relieve tension. Benefits from acupressure are many and range from relief of headaches to treating constipation. A therapist will use different pressure points depending on what the ailment or pain complaint might be. Many therapists might include a form of acupressure in any number of relaxation or therapeutic massages.

                       

 

ACUPUNCTURE
as the name implies, needles are placed into the skin along specific meridians and into Acupuncture points of the body. Acupuncture is very similar to Acupressure - difference being of course is that needles are used instead of fingers, hands, etc… This technique focuses on the “Qi” or energy flow of the body within the twelve main meridian pathways. This type of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is said to have many benefits in aiding treatment of ailments ranging from breathing difficulty to migraines to arthritis to name a few. Recent research continues to show positive results with treatment using Acupuncture.

     

AYURVEDA
 ayurveda is much more than a massage modality, but needs to be mentioned within this page of information because of the importance and history involved with Ayurveda. Ayurveda is an actual complete medical belief and philosophy developed in India (5000+ years ago) that is used to bring the mind and body to a deep inner peace creating harmony and life balance. Ayurvedic massage stems from this practice and takes into account the energies of the five elements of ether, air, fire, water and earth. The Ayurvedic physician then determines massage type and type of treatment combined with specific oils and herbs to get the most desirable healing results.

REFLEXOLOGY
reflexology can be used on feet, hands or ears. Specific areas on the feet, hands and ears correspond to certain parts of the body (internal glands and organs are included). The theory is that pressure applied in certain areas sends signals to the corresponding location, gland or organ through the nervous system helping to provide balance to the desired area. Stimulating these areas can be used to reduce pain, ease addiction, relieve stress and tension and improve nerve and blood circulation to name a few.

                                    

SPORTS MASSAGE
Sports massage is used as a preventive medicine for many athletes before, during and after sporting events. A combination of techniques such as Swedish massage, Shiatsu, Trigger point and Relaxation before an athletic event can prepare the athlete for increased performance. During events to keep the muscles loosened and warmed up to reduce injuries and after a hard workout to rid the body of stress, relieve fatigue and remove toxins and byproducts the body produces in strenuous activity. Massage can make the training and body building experience much more effective.

And those are some of the massages that Foreplan clinic use to help different individual. For more information please visit us at foreplan clinic Ilala Bungoni or contact use through 0762 400 400 or 0767 600 600.

Health Pregnancy Fact Sheet

 

What do we mean by "healthy pregnancy"? A pregnancy that lasts the full nine months, A pregnancy that results in a healthy baby (or babies) weighing at least five and a half pounds who has no birth defects, A pregnancy in which the mother feels well the whole nine months other than the normal discomforts such as morning sickness.

What outcomes do we worry about for the baby? For the baby, the most common problem is low birth weight. A baby who is born weighing less than five and a half pounds is considered low birth weight. Low birth weight is the number one risk factor for death in the first year of life and for life-long health problems. It can be caused by being born too early, by growing too slowly, or some of both. Smoking by the mother is one of the main causes of poor growth, because it cuts down on the baby's supply of oxygen and food. Poor nutrition, birth defects, genetic conditions, mother's health problems such as high blood pressure, hazards in the environment including lead or tobacco smoke, and multiple births (twins, triplets, etc.) may also cause low birth weight. In many cases, the exact cause of low birth weight is not known.

What should pregnant women do?

It’s important to eat well-balanced meals and take prenatal vitamins during your pregnancy so that your developing baby can get all the essential nutrients it needs to grow strong. You should consume about 300 additional calories a day during this time.

What can a woman do to help her have a healthy pregnancy? The key to a healthy pregnancy is planning it in the first place. When pregnancies are planned, the mother-to-be can be in the best health possible and be ready for all the challenges of having a healthy baby and raising a family. Most people don't think about birth control as a way to have a healthy baby, but it plays a key role by helping women plan the best time to have a baby. When a woman is planning a pregnancy, she should be in the best health possible and should follow these guidelines: Take a multivitamin every day that has 400 mcg (0.4 mg) of folic acid. Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps prevent serious birth defects of the heart and brain. But it only helps if the mother takes it before pregnancy and in the first three months of pregnancy. Stop smoking. Get others at home and at work to stop smoking too to cut down on second-hand smoke. Stop drinking alcohol and/or using illegal drugs. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is one of the most common birth defects. Every case is preventable by not drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Have a pre-pregnancy health check-up with a doctor, midwife, or nurse practitioner. Women with chronic health problems such as diabetes or high blood pressure and women who take medicines or herbs especially need pre-pregnancy care. Talk to your health care provider about the possible risk of lead poisoning. If lead gets into your body, it could harm you and your unborn baby.

What can a woman do after she gets pregnant to have a healthy pregnancy? Get prenatal care early. Go to all your regularly scheduled doctor appointments. Eat a well-balanced diet. Continue to take a multivitamin to be sure that mother and baby both get the nutrients they need. Gain enough weight, but not too much. Sign up for WIC, if you qualify. WIC provides extra food for pregnant and breastfeeding women and for infants and children. It also provides health education and support during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Get help with causes of stress, including family violence or work and school problems. There are sources of help in every community: schools, clinics, community centers, churches, and other organizations. Take a childbirth class to learn more about having a healthy birth and a healthy baby. Talk to your doctor or midwife if you believe you might be exposed to lead from:

paint chips or dust in apartments or houses built before 1978, working in a battery factory, re-finishing old furniture, or other jobs and hobbies working with lead, eating certain materials such as clay or dirt, some spices, foods and medicines from other countries, and using chipped or broken dishes to store food. Always wash your hands before making meals or eating. Pregnancy is a time of life when a women needs to rely on help from others. Your husband or partner, other family members or neighbors can: help around the house, help you prepare healthy foods, help you get to doctor appointments. Teens may need extra help sticking to good health habits.

Source: ForePlan Clinic

Chadema watangaza majina ya wagombea ubunge

CHAMA cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema) kimetoa orodha ya majina 138 ya wanachama walioteuliwa na Kamati Kuu ya chama hicho kugombea ubunge wa majimbo ya uchaguzi.

Orodha ya majina hayo ya wanachama walioteuliwa kugombea ubunge katika majimbo hayo, imesainiwa na Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Chadema, John Mnyika kwa niaba ya Katibu Mkuu.

 

Taarifa imeeleza kuwa majimbo ambayo hayatakuwa kwenye orodha hiyo yatatolewa baada ya kukamilika kwa mashauriano ndani ya Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (UKAWA).

 

Katika mgawanyo wa UKAWA wa majimbo 253 Kati ya 265 ya kuwania ubunge, Chadema imeongoza kwa kupata majimbo 138 (54%), ikifuatiwa na CUF majimbo 99 (29% yakiwemo 49 ya Zanzibar), NCCR-Mageuzi majimbo 14 (5.5%) na NLD majimbo matatu (1.2%).

 

Ifuatayo ni orodha kamili ya majina ya wanachama wa Chadema walioteuliwa kugombea ubunge katika majimbo hayo.

 

Mara                        

1. Rorya   STEVEN J OWAWA
2. Tarime Mjini ESTHER N MATIKO
3. Tarime Vijijini JOHN HECHE
4. Musoma Vijijini ZAKARIA MBULA CHIRAGWILE
5. Butiama        YUSUPH R KAZI
6. Bunda Mjini  ESTHER BULAYA
7. Mwibara  HARUN D CHIRIKO
8. Musoma Mjini       VINCENT J NYERERE
9. Bunda Vijijini  SULEIMAN DAUDI

Simiyu                      

1. Bariadi        GODWIN SIMBA
2. Maswa Magharibi ABDALA PATEL
3. Maswa Mashariki SYLVESTER KASULUMBAYI
4. Kisesa MASANJA MANANI
5. Meatu          MESHACK OPULUKWA
6. Itilima         MARTINE MAGILE

Shinyanga                

1. Msalala             PAULO MALAIKA
2. Kahama Mjini JAMES LEMBELI
3. Kahama Vijijini (Ushetu) SIMON BUKAKIYE ISAYA
4. Shinyanga Mjini PATROAS PASCHAL K
5. Kishapu         FRED T MPENDAZOE

Mwanza                   

1. Ukerewe JOSEPH MKUNDI
2. Magu          KALWINZI NGONGOSEKE
3. Nyamagana    EZEKIA D. WENJE
4. Buchosa MARTINE KASWAHILI
5. Sengerema HAMIS TABASAMU
6. Ilemela         HIGHNESS KIWIA
7. Misungwi LEONIDAS KONDELA

Geita                        

1. Bukombe PROF. KULIKOYELA KAHIGI
2. Busanda ALPHONCE C MAWAZO
3. Nyang’wale GEORGE MABULA
4. Chato          DR. BENEDICT LUKANIMA
5. Mbogwe NICODEMUS H MAGANGA

Kagera                     

1. Karagwe          PRINCE RWAZO
2. Kyerwa          BENEDICT MTUNGIREHI
3. Bukoba Mjini  WILFRED LWAKATARE
4. Muleba Kaskazini  ANSBERT NGURUMO
5. Muleba Kusini  ALISTIDES KASHASILA
6. Biharamulo  DR. ANTHONY MBASSA

Mbeya                     

1. Lupa         NJELU KASAKA
2. Songwe          MPOKI MWANKUSYE
3. Mbeya Mjini JOSEPH MBILINYI
4. Kyela          ABRAHAM H MWANYAMAKI
5. Rungwe         JOHN D MWAMBIGIJA
6. Busokelo BONIPHACE A MWAMUKUSI
7. Mbozi       PASCHAL HAONGA
8. Momba        DAVID E SILINDE
9. Mbeya Vijijini ADAM NZELA
10. Tunduma FRANK MWAKAJOKA
11. Vwawa FANUEL MKISI

Iringa                       

1. Ismani         PATRICK OLE SOSOPI
2. Kalenga        MUSSA L MDEDE
3. Mufindi Kaskazini JUMANNE K MASONDA
4. Iringa Mjini PETER MSIGWA
5. Kilolo          BRIAN KIKOTI
6. Mafinga Mjini WILLE MUNGAI

Njombe                    

1. Njombe Kusini EMMANUEL MASONGA
2. Lupembe (Njombe Kask) EDWIN E SWALE
3. Wanging’ombe DISMAS A LUHWAGO
4. Makete          JACKSON T MOGELA
5. Ludewa           ATHROMEO MKINGA
6. Makambako ORAPH MHEMA

Rukwa                     

1. Nkasi Kusini ALFRED DANIEL SOTOKA
2. Kwela          DANIEL NAFTAL NGOGO
3. Nkasi Kaskazini KESSY SOUD
4. Sumbawanga Mjini SADRICK MALILA
5. Kalambo        VICTOR MATENI

Tanga                       

1. Kilindi         JERADI K MREMA
2. Muheza ERNEST MSINGWA
3. Korogwe          AMANI H KIMEA
4. Korogwe Vijijini EMMANUEL KIMEA

Kilimanjaro                       

1. Rombo                   JOSEPH SELASIN
2. Same Magharibi CHRISTOPHER S MBAJO
3. Same Mashariki NAGENJWA KABOYOKA
4. Moshi Mjini JAFARY P MICHAEL
5. Hai          FREEMAN A MBOWE
6. Siha         DR. GODWIN MOLLEL

Arusha                     

1. Arumeru Mashariki JOSHUA NASSARI
2. Arumeru Magharibi GIBSON MESIYEKI
3. Arusha Mjini GODBLESS LEMA
4. Longido        ONESMO OLE NANGOLE
5. Monduli        JULIUS KALANGA
6. Karatu         WILLE QAMBALO
7. Ngorongoro ELIAS NGORISA

Manyara                  

1. Simanjiro JAMES KINYASI OLE MILLYA
2. Mbulu Vijijini MIKEL PETRO AWEDA
3. Hanang          MAGOMA RASHID DERICK
4. Babati Mjini PAULINE P GEKUL
5. Babati Vijijini LAURENT SURUMBU TARRA
6. Kiteto        KIDAWA ATHUMANI IYAVU
7. Mbulu Mjini PAULO HERMAN SULLE

Dar es Salaam                  

1. Ubungo        SAED KUBENEA
2. Kawe        HALIMA JAMES MDEE
3. Ukonga          MWITA MWIKWABE WAITARA
4. Ilala         MUSLIM HASSANALI HEIDERALI
5. Kibamba JOHN JOHN MNYIKA

Pwani                       

1. Chalinze MATHAYO TM. TORONGEY
2. Kibaha Mjini MICHAEL PAUL MTALY
3. Kibaha Vijijini EDITHA BABBEIYA

Morogoro                

1. Mikumi         JOSEPH HAULE
2. Morogoro Kusini DAVID LUKAGINGIRA
3. Kilombero PETER E LIJUALIKALI
4. Mlimba        SUZAN L. KIWANGA
5. Mvomero OSWALD MLAY
6. Ulanga Magharibi ALPHONCE MBASSA
7. Ulanga Mashariki PANCRAS KONGOLI
8. Morogoro Mjini MARCOSSY ALBANIE

Dodoma                   

1. Kongwa             ESAU NGOMBEI
2. Dodoma Mjini SINGO BENSON KIGAILA
3. Bahi         MATHIAS LYAMUNDA
4. Chilonwa JOHN CHOGONGO

Singida                     

1. Iramba Magharibi JESCA KISHOA
2. Iramba Mash(Mkalama) OSCAR KAPALALE
3. Singida kaskazini DAVID DJUMBE
4. Singida Mashariki TUNDU A LISSU
5. Singida Magharibi MARCO ALLUTE
6. Manyoni Magharibi LUPAA DONALD
7. Manyoni Mashariki ALLUTE EMMANUEL

Tabora                     

1. Nzega Mjini CHARLES MABULA
2. Igunga        NG’WIGULU KUBE
3. Urambo         SAMWELI NTAKAMLENGA
4. Ulyankulu DEUS KITAPANDYA NGERERE
5. Sikonge       SAID NKUMBA
6. Manonga ALLY KHALFANI NGUZO

Katavi                      

1. Mpanda Mjini JONAS KALINDE
2. Mpanda Vijijini MUSSA MASANJA
3. Katavi          GEORGE SAMBWE
4. Nsimbo GERALD KITABU
5. Kavuu         LAURENT SENGA MANGWESHI

Kigoma                    

1. Kigoma Kaskazini DR. YARED FUBUSA
2. Kigoma Mjini          DANIEL LUMENYELA

Ruvuma                   

1. Peramiho         ELASMO MWINGIRA
2. Mbinga Magharibi/Nyasa CUTHBERT S. NGWATA
3. Mbinga/Mbinga Vijijini EDWIN B AKITANDA
4. Songea Mjini        JOSEPH FUIME
5. Madaba EDSON MBOGORO

KILIMO BORA CHA MIHOGO

Zao la muhogo ni  muhimu sana kwa Tanzania zaidi kwa wakulima wadogo wenye kipato cha chini. Wakulima wengi huchanganya zao la muhogo na mazao mengine kama vile kunde, mbaazi, njugumawe, n.k. Umuhimu wa zao hili ni kutupatia cahakula na wakati mwingine kwa biashara. Kwa kanda ya kusini muhogo ni chakula kikuu ambacho kinachukua asilimia 75 ya chakula kwa maeneo yote ya mikoa ya pwani

Muhogo hustawi vizuri katika maeneo yaliyopo kwenye maeneo ya mita 0 – 1500 kutoka usawa wa bahari. Vile vile muhogo hustawi vizuri kwenye maeneo yanayopata mvua ya wastani wa mm 750  - mm1200 kwa mwaka. Muhogo hustawi vizuri kwenye ardhi ya kichanga. Vili vile zao la muhogo ni maarufu sana kwa uvumilivu wa hali ya ukame.

TEKNOLOJIA ZILIZOPO

1. Mbegu bora za muhogo

Mpaka sasa hivi kuna aina mbili za mbegu bora ambazo zimathibitishwa kwa wakulima. Mbegu hizi huvumilia magonjwa, (batobato na matekenya), pia huzaa sana ukilinganisha na mbegu za kienyeji.

• Naliendele

                 Huzaa tani 19 kwa hekta moja, na inaweza kuvunwa kuanzia miezi 9 toka ipandwe.

• Kiroba

Huzaa tani 25 – 30  kwa hekta moja, na inaweza kuvunwa kuanzia miezi 9 toka ipandwe.

2. Mbinu bora za kilimo cha muhogo
• Uandaaji wa shamba

Shamba liandaliwe kabla ya msimu wa kuanza. Uandaaji wa shamba bora hufuata hatua zifuatazo:

- Kufyeka shamba

- Kung’a na kuchoma visiki

- Kulima na kutengeneza matuta

·         Uchaguzi wa mbegu bora za kupanda

Mbegu zinatakiwa zisiwe na magojwa yeyote, pia chagua mashina ambayo yamelomaa vizuri.

·         Upanadaji

Kuna njia tatu za upandaji wa muhogo:

-          Kulaza ardhini (Horizontal)

-          Kusimamisha wima (Vertcal)

-          Kuinamisha ( Inclined/Slunted)

Urefu wa kipande cha shina cha kupanda:

 Inashauriwa urefu uwe sm 30; lakini urefu wa kipande cha kupanda unategemea sana idadi ya macho yaliyopo kwenye hicho kipande, inashauriwa kipande kiwe na macho (4 – 6).

Nafasi ya kupanda:

Kwa upandaji wa shamba muhogo tupu, shina hadi shina ni mita 1 na mstari hadi mstari ni mita 1.Kwa shamba la mchanganyiko na mazao mengine, inategemeana na zao linalochanganywa; mstari hadi mstari ni mita 2 – mita 4 na shina hadi shina ni mita 1.

·         Palizi:

-          Palizi ya kwanza ifanyike mapema (mwezi 1) baada ya kupanda ili kuepukana na magugu yanayochipua haraka baada ya mvua kunyesha. Ndani ya miezi mine ya mwanzo mihogo haitakiwi kuwa na magugu ili kuepuka ushindni wa mahitaji muhimu (mwanga, mbolea, maji, n.k) kati ya muhugo na magugu.

-          Palizi hufanyika kwa kutumi jebe la mkono au dawa ya kuuwa magugu.

-          Wakati mwingine udhibiti wa magugu kufanyika kwa kutumia majani kwa kutandazwa juu ya udongo.

-          Plaizi hufanyika mara 2 – 3 hadi muhugo kukomaa.

·         Uvunaji:

Mihogo inaweza kuanza kuvunwa baada ya miezi 9 – 12 tangu kupandwa. Inashauriwa kuvuna katika katika kipindi cha jua; kwani wakati wa mvua kiwango cha wanga kwenye muhogo hupungua.

·         Usindikaji bora

Usindikaji bora wa muhogo unafanyika kwa sababu kuu mbili:

-          Kurahisisha/kuharakisha ukaushaji

-          Kuondoa sumu (cyanide) ilyoko kwenye baadhi ya aina za mihogo

-          Kuongeza ubora wa unga utokanao muhogo wenyewe.

Njia bora za usindikaji

-          Kwa kutumia mashine aina ya Grater

Hii hutoa chembechembe laini za muhogo, ambazo baadae hukamuliwa kwa kutumia kifaa kingine kiitwacho “presser” ili kuondo sumu iliyoko kwenye muhogo. Mashine hii hutumika hususani kwa muhogo mchungu.

-          Kwa kutumia mashine aina ya chipper

-          Mashine hii hutoa vipande vidogo vidogo (chips). Mashine hii hutumika hasa hasa kwa ajili ya mihogo mitamu/baridi.

Matumizi ya Muhogo

-          Muhogo unaweza kupikwa wenyewe kama chakula au kutengeneza unga

-          Unga wa muhogo unaweza kutengeneza vitu vyotekama vinavyotengenezwa na unga wa ngano kama vile biskuti, chapatti, maandazi, chichili, keki n.k.

-          Pia muhogo huweza kutumika viwandani kutengeneza bidhaa nyingine kama vile wanga.

Bata mzinga: Njia mpya ya ujasiriamali

         

 

Ili kuzaliana na kumpatia mfugaji faida, bata mzinga wanahitaji matunzo ya hali ya juu. Kwa kawaida bata mzinga hula chakula kingi kuliko kuku. Bei yake ni ghali zaidi.

 

Bata mzinga wanahitaji kuwa na uhuru wa kula majani kama sehemu ya virutubisho.

Kabla ya kuanza ufugaji wa bata mzinga ni lazima kuhakikisha una chakula cha kutosha kwa sababu ulishaji wa ndege hawa kadri wanavyokua huwa na gharama kubwa zaidi. Ni muhimu pia kujifunza kwa undani na kufahamu namna ya kutunza vifaranga wa bata mzinga kwa kuwa hufa kwa urahisi sana. Pia, unapaswa kujikita kutafuta soko kwa sababu wanapokuwa ni vigumu kuwatunza kwa muda mrefu kutokana na ukubwa wa gharama ya chakula.

 

Wafugaji wachache kati ya wengi waliojaribu kuwafuga ndege hawa na kufanikiwa hata kufikia malengo yao ni kutokana na kuzingatia lishe kamili. Pamoja na hayo, wapo wafugaji ambao walishindwa kutokana na magonjwa pamoja na gharama ya utunzaji.

 

Chakula

 

Chakula cha bata mzinga hakina tofauti na cha kuku. Vifaranga wanahitaji kupata lishe kamili yenye protini kwa wingi ili waweze kukua vizuri. Vifaranga kwa siku za awali wanahitaji kiasi cha asilimia 27 ya protini mpaka wanapofikia umri wa wiki sita. Baada ya hapo mfugaji anaweza kupunguza hadi kufikia asilimia 18, na kuendelea hivyo hadi wanapokomaa. Kutokana na gharama ya kununua chakula kuwa kubwa, unaweza kutumia reseheni ifuatayo kwa ajili ya kutengeneza chakula cha bata mzinga wewe mwenyewe.

 

Mahitaji

 

• Mahindi 5kg (yasiyokuwa na dawa)

• Karanga 5kg

• Dagaa 5kg

• Mashudu 10kg

• Chokaa 5kg (chokaa inayotumika kwa lishe ya mifugo)

 

Namna ya kutengeneza chakula

 

Twanga au saga pamoja kiasi cha kulainika kisha walishe vifaranga. Mchanganyiko huu hutegemeana na wingi wa bata mzinga unaowafuga. Hakikisha kila bata anapata chakula cha kutosha na chenye uwiano ulioelekezwa. Pia waangalie mara kwa mara kuhakikisha wana chakula cha kutosha.

 

Uhifadhi: Hifadhi chakula cha ziada kwenye mifuko au debe kisha weka sehemu isiyo na unyevu.

 

Kutaga

 

Bata mzinga huanza kutaga anapofikisha umri wa mwaka mmoja. Ndege hawa wana uwezo wa kutaga kati ya mayai 15 hadi 20 kwa mara ya kwanza na kisha kuhatamia. Anapoendelea kukua huweza kutaga hadi mayai 30. Hii ni kulingana na lishe nzuri atakayopatiwa.

 

Kuhatamia

 

Bata mzinga anaweza kuhatamia mayai 17 hadi 20. Mayai hayo huhatamiwa kwa siku 28 na huanza kuanguliwa vifaranga kwa muda wa siku 3, kuanzia siku ya 28 hadi 31. Baada ya hapo mayai yaliyosalia bila kuanguliwa hutakiwa kutupwa kwa kuwa hayatoanguliwa tena na hayafai kwa matumizi mengine.

 

Utunzaji wa vifaranga

 

Baada ya vifaranga kuanguliwa, watenge na mama yao kwa kuwaweka kwenye banda safi lisilopitisha baridi. Unaweza kuwawekea taa ya kandili au ya umeme endapo upo kwenye sehemu unakopatikana.

 

Banda

 

Ni vyema banda liwe limesakafiwa au banda la asili la udongo usiotuhamisha maji. Pia, unaweza kutumia banda lenye mbao au mabanzi kwa chini. Unaweza pia kutandaza maranda kwenye mabanda. Hakikisha kuta za banda zimefunikwa vizuri ili kuwakinga dhidi ya baridi. 

 

Maji

 

Kama ilivyo ndege wengine, bata mzinga pia wanahitaji kupatiwa maji masafi na ya kutosha wakati wote. Wawekee maji katika chombo ambacho hawatamwaga na wanakifikia vizuri. Hakikisha maji hayamwagiki bandani kwani kwa kufanya hivyo banda litachafuka na kukaribisha magonjwa kwa urahisi. Ni vizuri kuwalisha bata mzinga vyakula vingine kama majani. Majani husaidia kuwapatia protini: mfano; kunde, fiwi na aina nyingine za majani jamii ya mikunde huhitajika zaidi kwa kiasi cha 25% hadi 30%.

 

Magonjwa

 

Bata mzinga hushambuliwa na magonjwa kama taifodi, mafua na kuharisha damu. Wanapougua ni rahisi kuambukiza kuku, bata na ndege wengine wanaofugwa kwa haraka sana. Pia, ndege hawa husumbuliwa na viroboto wanaosababishwa na uchafu wa banda hasa linapokuwa na vumbi.

 

Chanjo

 

Bata mzinga wanatakiwa kupatiwa chanjo ya ndui (mara moja kila mwaka), kideri (kila baada ya miezi mitatu), gumboro (kwa muda wa wiki tano – ukiwapa jumatatu, basi unawapatia kila jumatatu ya wiki), na vitamini A mara baada ya kuanguliwa.

 

 
 

Fahamu ni aina gani ya ng’ombe wa maziwa ni bora zaidi kufuga kwa lengo la kuzalisha

          

Uzalishaji wa maziwa ni biashara nzuri sana na ya kuvutia ambayo huwa na faida nyingi na humfanya mfugaji kuridhika hasa kwa yule anayependa kazi hii. Hata hivyo, ni lazima kuanza kwa kuweka msingi imara hata kabla ya kufikiria ni aina gani ya mbegu utaichukua kwa ajili ya kufuga. Ni vizuri kufahamu kuwa, usimamizi ni moja ya jambo muhimu sana ambalo likifanyiwa uzembe linaweza hata kumbadilisha ng’ombe wa maziwa kuwa na uzalishaji duni kama ngo’mbe wa kienyeji.

Aina mbalimbali za ng’ombe wa maziwa huwa na mahitaji tofauti, hivyo kiwango cha maandalizi yako ni muhimu sana. Unahitajika kufahamu kuwa, unalazimika kufikia mahitaji yako kwa ajili ya lishe, si kwenye mahitaji ya awali tu bali pamoja na mahitaji ya baadaye ya ngo’mbe wako. Suala hili limefanya wafugaji wengi kushindwa kuendelea kutokana na kuwa hujiingiza katika shughuli hii bila kuangalia mambo ya msingi yanayotakiwa pamoja na kuweka mipango thabiti.

Pamoja na kuwa mahitaji yote kwa ajili ya lishe na mambo mengine yako sawa, ng’ombe wa maziwa ni lazima kuzalisha kulingana na umbile lake na uwezo wake kamili. Kama utaweza kumudu kufuga ng’ombe halisi wa maziwa, ni lazima pia utambue kuwa uzalishaji wa juu wa maziwa uhitaji pia usimamizi wa hali ya juu. Kwa maana hiyo, ni vyema kufuga ng’ombe wa kiwango cha kawaida (ikiwezekana chotara) ambaye ataendana na uwezo wako wa kumtunza.

Ni vyema tukaangalia aina mbili za ng’ombe wa maziwa ambao wana uwezo wa kuzalisha maziwa mengi;

 

Ng’ombe aina ya Freshiani (Friesian)

(i) Freshiani (Friesian)

 

Ng’ombe aina ya freshiani ni rahisi kumtambua kutokana na kuwa na rangi nyeusi na nyeupe, na ni ng’ombe wenye uzalishaji bora wa maziwa. Wanyama hawa ni wakubwa na pia wanaweza kuwa na mabaka meupe na meusi au mekundu na meupe. Ikiwa watalishwa vizuri, freshian aliyefikia umri wa kukomaa huwa na uzito wa hadi kilogramu 550 na urefu wa sentimeta 150 kutoka begani. Mtamba huweza kupandwa, akiwa na umri wa miezi mitano huku akiwa na uzito wa kilogramu 360.

Wakati baadhi ya ng’ombe wakiwa na uwezo wa kuishi kwa muda mrefu, uwezo wa kawaida wa kuishi kwa Freshiani ni miaka sita. Hata hivyo, aina hii ya ng’ombe ni wazalishaji wazuri wa maziwa ambao huweza kuzalisha kilogramu 7800 kwa wastani kwa muda wa siku 360 yakiwa na kiwango cha chini cha mafuta ikilinganishwa na aina nyingine ya ng’ombe.

Aidha, aina hii ya ng’ombe huhitaji ulishaji mkubwa hivyo hushauriwa kwa wafugaji wenye uhakika wa kuwa na lishe bora na ya kutosha kwa mwaka mzima.

Ng’ombe aina ya Ayrshire

(ii) Ayrshire

Aina hii ng’ombe huwa na miraba ya kahawia na nyeupe karibu sawa na aina nyingine ya ng’ombe ambao huelekea kuwa na rangi ya (Mahogany). Ng’ombe hawa huwa na wastani wa kawaida, na uzito wa kilogramu 540 katika umri wa ukomavu. Aidha, humudu aina yeyote ya ufugaji na si rahisi kupata matatizo yeyote ya miguu.

Ayrshire huweza kufanya vizuri katika malisho ya aina yeyote tofauti na aina nyingine ya ng’ombe wa maziwa. Kukiwa na usimamizi mzuri na ulishaji mzuri, wastani wa uzalishaji wa maziwa ni kilogramu 5400 ikiwa na kiwango cha juu cha mafuta ukilinganisha na Freshian. Aryshire ni aina nzuri kwa kufuga hasa kutokana na nguvu aliyonayo pamoja na uzalishaji mkubwa wa maziwa. Ng’ombe wa aina hii, hutambulika kwa kuwa na umbo zuri pamoja na chuchu zake kuonekana kuwa zenye ubora. Aidha, utungaji wa maziwa yake, umefanya maziwa yake kuonekana ni mazuri sana katika uzalishaji wa siagi na jibini.

Maziwa ya Ayrshire yanafahamika kama “maziwa bora ya kunywa” kutokana na uwezo wake wa kuwa na mafuta ya kutosha na kiasi kikubwa cha protini. Kwa mfugaji anayeanza, aina hii ya ng’ombe ni nzuri sana kuanza nayo kasha baadaye kuongeza freshiani baada ya uwezo wako wa kuhudumia kuwa imara. Mifugo ya asili ni ghali sana na ni ngumu pia kuwapata, hivyo basi, njia rahisi kwa wafugaji wa maziwa wanaoanza ni kutafuta ng’ombe bora wa kawaida ambao mara nyingi huwa ni chotara, kisha kuwaboresha kwa kutumia mbinu ya kupandikiza dume bora na mwenye uzalishaji mkubwa. Na hii huhitaji elimu ya kutosha kuhusu uchaguzi wa madume.

*Muhimu: Wakati wa kununua ng’ombe kwa ajili ya kufuga, ni vyema mfugaji ukatambua kuwa, wazalishaji wa maziwa mara nyingi hawauzi ng’ombe wao wenye uzalishaji mzuri, badala yake huuza wale ambao hawazalishi kwa kiwango kizuri, wale wenye matatizo kama kutokushika mimba, wenye matatizo ya joto na wale ambao hushambuliwa na magonjwa mara kwa mara. Kwa maana hiyo, pamoja na aina ya ng’ombe unayehitaji kununua, ni muhimu sana kuwa mwangalifu usije ukanunua ng’ombe mwenye shida yoyote kwani hapo ndipo mwanzo wa uzalishaji wako kuja kuwa wa matatizo na kutokufikia lengo.

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Banda na nafasi kwa ajili ya ng’ombe wa maziwa

Kabla mfugaji hajafikiria kuhusu makazi ya ng’ombe wake, ni vyema sana kujiuliza ni kiasi gani cha mifugo utahitaji kuwa nao baada ya miaka kadhaa hivyo kukuwezesha kutenga nafasi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya mifugo utakayoleta.

Njia rahisi ya kulitambua hilo, ni kujiuliza ni kiasi gani cha mifugo ungependa kuwa nao baadaye na ni kiwango gani cha uzalishaji wa maziwa ungetarajia kufikisha kutoka kwa ng’ombe wako.

Swali la kwanza, ni muhimu sana kwa mfugaji kujiuliza, kwani kiwango cha mifugo hutokana na uwezo wa kiwango cha lishe utakachohitajika kulisha mara kwa mara. Kwa kawaida, ekari moja ya ardhi hutoshea kulisha ng’ombe wa maziwa aina ya Freshiani mmoja au Jesrey wawili tu.

Ng’ombe wa maziwa mmoja (Fresian, Guernsey, Jersey) kiasi cha tani 5 ya lishe ya majani mabichi au majani makavu kwa mwaka. Hii ni sawa na kilogramu 25,000 za matete au kiasi cha majani uliyoyaotesha kwenye ekari moja. Pamoja na usimamizi mzuri wa malisho ya nyasi, au mchanganyiko wa malisho kama mikunde au mimea kama desmodium, ni dhahiri kuwa bado utahitajika kuwa na angalau ekari ya ziada 0.75 ya eneo ili kuweza kulisha ng’ombe wako vizuri.

Kwa ujumla, ng’ombe wa maziwa huhitaji lishe kiwango kikubwa kuliko ng’ombe wa nyama, na mara nyingi huwa na uzalishaji mkubwa pale ambapo ubora wa lishe ni wa hali ya juu. Hali kadhalika, kama utazalisha malisho yako mwenyewe, bado utahitaji njia nyingine ya ziada ya kupata lishe ikiwa itatokea tatizo lolote katika malisho.

Jedwahi hili huonesha kiwango cha lishe kinachohitajika kwa aina mbalimbali ya ng’ombe wa maziwa, pamoja na ardhi kwa ajili ya kuzalishia malisho.

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Ufugaji wa ndani

 

Katika ufugaji wa ndani, ng’ombe wanahitajika kuwekwa kwenye hali ya usafi, na makazi yao yawe na ulinzi wa kutosha na yenye kuwapatia uhuru. Wafugaji walio wengi wamekuwa wakiwekeza fedha nyingi katika kuwajengea mifugo, na mwishoni kuishia

kukosa fedha kwa ajili ya kulishia mifugo hiyo. Mfugaji anayeanza, anashauriwa kujengea mifugo yake makazi mazuri na ya gharama nafuu na baadaye kuendeleza mabanda hayo kutokana na mapato yanayopatikana.

Mambo ya kuzingatia katika ujenzi wa mabanda

 

Nafasi: Ng’ombe mkubwa anahitaji kuwa na nafasi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya chakula, kupumzika pamoja kufanya mazoezi jambo ambalo wafugaji walio wengi hawazingatii na badala yake huweka mifugo yao katika nafasi ndogo ambayo mwishoni hudidimiza ukuaji wa mnyama na uzalishaji kwa ujumla. Kwa mantiki hiyo, ng’ombe mmoja mkubwa anahitaji mita za mraba 8 mbali na eneo lake la kupumzikia. Njia rahisi ni kutenga eneo hili mbele ya zizi/banda. Kumbuka, unapokuwa na nafasi kubwa, ndipo unapotengeneza uzalishaji mzuri.

Paa: Ni vyema kukawa na paa kwa ajili ya kuilinda mifugo dhidi ya upepo, mvua pamoja na jua kali. Hakikisha paa linakuwa juu, ili kuipa uhuru mifugo yako kutembea ndani ya banda bila tatizo lolote. Hakikisha mteremko wa paa hauwezi kuathiri sehemu ya mifugo kupumzika na sehemu ya lishe hasa kwa kuruhusu maji kuingia katika sehemu hizo.

Ni muhimu ng’ombe kuwa na mahali safi pa kulala

Sakafu: Hakikisha sakafu inakuwa na mfumo mzuri wa mifereji kwa ajili ya kuruhusu maji na mkojo kupita hivyo kuwaweka mifugo katika hali nzuri. Unaweza kutengeneza sakafu ya simenti ambayo ni rahisi kusafisha. Hata hivyo kwa kuwa inagharimu fedha, mfugaji anaeanza, anaweza kutumia udongo wa mfinyanzi au aina nyingine ya udongo mgumu kutengeneza sakafu. Endapo utasakafu banda, sakafu isiwe inayoteleza kwa kuwa ng’ombe wanaweza kuteleza na kuumia. Sakafu iwe na mwinuko kidogo na mwinuko uelekee sehemu ya kutiririshia mkojo na kutolea kinyesi.

Matandiko: Eneo ambalo mifugo hupumzikia, ni vyema kukawa na matandiko. Unaweza kutumia malighafi ya aina yeyote kavu ambayo huweza kunyonya mkojo na samadi. Matandiko hayo ni lazima kubadilishwa mara kwa mara.

 

Vihondi vya maji na chakula: Hakikisha kuna vihondi vya kutosha kwa ajili ya chakula na maji. Mabanda ni vyema yakawa karibu na vyanzo vya upatikanaji wa maji safi na salama. Kwa wastani, ng’ombe mmoja anahitaji kunywa maji kiasi cha lita kati ya 50 au 80 kwa siku sawa na ndoo 5 hadi 8 za maji (za ujazo wa lita 10).

Shimo la mbolea: Mifugo inayolishwa vizuri hutoa samadi nyingi hivyo huweza kuwa tatizo kwa watu wanaokuzunguka hasa ikiwa inatapakaa kila mahali na kusababisha kuwepo kwa harufu mbaya. Kama utafuga mifugo mingi katika eneo dogo bila kuwa na sehemu maalumu ya kuweka mbolea inayotokana na mifugo hiyo, basi ni dhahiri kuwa utasababisha kutokuelewana na majirani, lakini pia kutasababishia wanyama kukaa katika hali ya usumbufu. Ni vyema kuandaa shimo maalumu kwa ajili ya samadi hasa kwa ufugaji wa ndani, kabla ya kutumia kwa ajili ya kuweka kwenye mashamba ya malisho.

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Namna ya kuanza ufugaji kwa urahisi

 

Kabla ya kuamua kufanya biashara ya uzalishaji wa maziwa, maandalizi mazuri ni moja ya sababu itakayokupa mwanga kufanikiwa au kutokufanikiwa. Hata kabla ya kuwaza nia aina gani ya ng’ombe utanunua, ni lazima kufikiri kwanza ng’ombe huyo utamlisha nini.

Fikiria lishe, fikiria nyasi

 

Ili kufuga ng’ombe, ni lazima uwe na lishe ya kutosha. Huwezi kumuendeleza ng’ombe kuzalisha wakati hauna lishe bora ya kutosha, ikiwa ni pamoja na nyasi, mikunde na majani ya nafaka. Moja ya njia nzuri ya kuzingatia ni nyasi. Mfugaji anayeanza, ni lazima kuzingatia haya kwa ajili ya lishe;

• Hakikisha unatunza nyasi za asili zilizopo katika shamba lako la malisho

• Ongeza kwa kuotesha majani mengine mapya katika shamba lako

• Nunua malisho ambapo unaweza kuswaga mifugo yako kwenda kula

• Kodisha au nunua eneo kwa ajili ya kuotesha malisho kisha kukata na kupeleka kulishia mifugo

• Nunua majani kutoka kwa watu wanye malisho au wanaofanya bishara ya kuuza majani yaliyokatwa tayari.

MTOTO WA CHINI YA MIEZI SITA HAWATAKIWI KUNYWESHWA MAZIWA YA NG'OMBE-TFNC

   

IMEELEZWA kuwa Mtoto chini ya mwezi hatakiwi kunywa maziwa yeyote isipokuwa ya mama yake, kutokana na maziwa ya ng’ombe  kuwa mazito na hayawezi kumsaidia mtoto katika kukua kwake.

Hayo ameyasema mtaalam wa lishe  wa Taasisi ya Chakula  lishe  nchini (TFNC),Neema Joshua wakati wa semina ya waandishi wa habari ya kuwajengea uwezo wa masuala ya Lishe,amesema maziwa ya ng’ombe wa yanatumika tu pale hakuna namna ya kuweza kupata maziwa mengine.

Amesema watoto chini ya miezi sita wanahitaji maziwa kwa mama na anatakiwa kupewa kila muda katika kuweza kumjenga mtoto kiakili.

Neema amesema katika suala la utapiamlo liko katika viwango vya juu ambapo mwaka 2010 ilikuwa na asilimia 42 hadi sasa imefikia asilimia 34.7 kwa takwimu za mwaka 2014.

Aidha amesema kuwa wale ambao wananyonyesha wakapata mimba akiwa ananyonyesha anaweza  kuuendelea kunyonyesha mtoto na bila kuathiri mimba nyingine.

Amesema wakati akinyonyesha huku ana mimba nyingine anatakiwa karibu na kujifungua miezi miwili aache kwa ajili ya kuupa mwili nguvu kwa mtoto atakayezaliwa na baada ya hapo anaendelea kunyonyesha wote wawili kwa kwanza akifikisha miwili ndipo anaweza kukoma.